QR codes have become an integral part of modern communication—from restaurant menus and payment portals to government services and event check-ins. Their convenience, however, has also made them an attractive target for cybercriminals. In recent years, scammers have adapted traditional phishing techniques to this medium in a practice now widely known as quishing—QR code phishing.

In this article, we break down 11 common types of quishing scams, share real-world examples, and offer practical advice on spotting and preventing these attacks. With insights drawn from threat intelligence reports and cybersecurity research, we also outline steps to protect yourself and your organization from falling victim to these scams. And if you’re looking to strengthen your defenses further, PaniTech Academy’s cybersecurity courses offer hands-on training that can help you stay ahead of emerging threats.

What is Quishing?

Quishing is a portmanteau of “QR” and “phishing.” It refers to scams where attackers embed malicious links or trigger downloads of malware through QR codes. Unlike traditional phishing—where deceptive emails or messages directly include harmful links—quishing leverages the visual appeal and convenience of QR codes to lure unsuspecting victims into scanning them without a second thought.

11 Types of QR Code Phishing Scams

1. QR Codes in Emails

Cybercriminals now frequently include QR codes directly in email bodies. These emails appear legitimate, prompting users to scan a code that, once activated, directs them to a phishing website designed to steal login credentials or personal data.

2. QR Codes Embedded in Email Attachments

In a more deceptive twist, attackers sometimes hide malicious QR codes within email attachments (like PDFs or images). Since these attachments can seem like routine documents, recipients are less likely to suspect foul play.

3. Tampered Public QR Code Stickers

Scammers may physically alter genuine QR codes in public places—such as restaurants or retail stores—by overlaying them with counterfeit stickers. This tactic tricks users into scanning a code that leads to a malicious website instead of the intended resource.

4. Credential Harvesting Campaigns

Some quishing scams are designed for large-scale credential harvesting. Attackers generate numerous QR codes that redirect victims to fake login pages, enabling them to collect a stockpile of sensitive data for later resale or misuse.

5. Malware Distribution

Instead of stealing credentials, a QR code might initiate a malware download on your device. Once installed, this malware can spy on your activities, steal information, or even lock your system for ransom.

6. Payment Fraud Schemes

With the surge in QR code-based payment systems, criminals have found ways to exploit them. By replacing legitimate payment codes with fake ones, they trick users into transferring funds to fraudulent accounts.

7. Social Engineering Attacks

Quishing often employs social engineering to increase its success. Attackers create scenarios—such as limited-time offers or urgent alerts—that compel victims to scan QR codes without scrutinizing them, leading to personal data exposure.

8. Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Interception

In these sophisticated attacks, cybercriminals intercept communications between a user and a legitimate service. By replacing an authentic QR code with a malicious one, they position themselves as intermediaries, capturing sensitive data as it flows between the two parties.

9. Account Takeover via MFA Bypass

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is designed to secure accounts, but attackers have learned to bypass it using QR codes. By linking a victim’s device to a system they control, criminals can intercept MFA codes and ultimately take over the account.

10. Location Tracking & Data Harvesting

Some QR codes are engineered to silently download malware that continuously tracks a user’s location and browsing habits. This data can then be used to tailor further phishing attempts or sold to third parties.

11. Wi-Fi Network Hijacking

Certain quishing scams lure users into connecting to rogue Wi-Fi networks by presenting QR codes labeled as free public Wi-Fi. Once connected, attackers can monitor and intercept the victim’s internet traffic, capturing personal information in the process.

How to Spot a Malicious QR Code

Detecting a fraudulent QR code requires a mix of common sense and attention to detail. Here are some red flags:

• URL Preview: Modern scanners often display a URL preview. Check if the URL matches the expected domain and includes “https://” with a padlock icon.
• Visual Quality: Legitimate QR codes are usually sharp and well-printed. Blurred or pixelated codes might signal tampering.
• Context Mismatch: Be wary if a QR code appears in an unexpected place or alongside suspicious messaging.
• Spelling & Grammar: Many phishing attempts include typos or unusual phrasing. If the text near the QR code looks off, it’s best to avoid scanning.
• Source Verification: If the code is in an email or on a physical poster, verify its legitimacy with the organization that supposedly issued it.

What to Do If You Encounter a Suspicious QR Code

If you scan a QR code and suspect it’s malicious:

1. Check the URL: Look for HTTPS and a trusted domain. If in doubt, exit the page immediately.
2. Don’t Enter Sensitive Data: Avoid entering passwords, payment details, or personal information.
3. Change Credentials: If you’ve already entered sensitive data, change your passwords and enable additional security measures like two-factor authentication.
4. Notify Authorities: Contact your bank if financial data is involved and report the incident to cybersecurity authorities.
5. Scan Your Device: Run a full security scan using reputable antivirus software to detect any malware.

How to Protect Your Users from Quishing

For organizations that generate QR codes, it’s crucial to safeguard them from manipulation:

• Use Trusted Generators: Always create QR codes using secure and reputable platforms.
• Implement Password Protection: Consider using dynamic QR codes with password protection so only authorized users can access the encoded data.
• Add Branding Elements: Integrate your official logo within the QR code. This helps users identify the legitimate code.
• Regular Inspections: Frequently audit physical QR codes, especially in public spaces, to ensure they haven’t been tampered with.
• SSL Certification: Ensure that the websites linked via QR codes are SSL certified, which adds an extra layer of security.

Prevention and Education: Your Best Defense

Ultimately, awareness is your strongest weapon against quishing. Regular training can help users recognize and report suspicious QR codes. Organizations should incorporate QR code phishing simulations into their security awareness programs to reinforce vigilance.

For those looking to enhance their cybersecurity skills and better protect their organization, PaniTech Academy offers comprehensive courses that cover everything from fundamental principles to advanced threat detection techniques. With hands-on labs and expert-led instruction, PaniTech Academy prepares you for real-world challenges in cybersecurity.

Conclusion

Quishing scams are a clear reminder that convenience often comes with hidden risks. By understanding the various types of QR code phishing attacks and following best practices to detect and prevent them, both individuals and organizations can significantly reduce their risk of falling victim to these schemes. Stay informed, stay vigilant, and consider investing in robust cybersecurity training—like that offered by PaniTech Academy—to ensure you’re always one step ahead of cybercriminals.